Breast cancer is a highly heterogeneous malignancy and a major hormone-dependent disease context in which precision oncology, immunotherapy, and targeted delivery strategies are being developed. It is the therapeutic target for rnai nanoplatform, cpll nps, ace imac, and immunotherapy, and it is also the setting for biomarker-guided approaches such as oncotype dx in early breast…
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer and is a major disease context for immunotherapy, locoregional therapy, and precision oncology. It is driven by mechanisms including alpha fetoprotein-PI3K/Akt–linked cancer stemness, immune escape programs involving setdb2, spp1, and rnaseh2c, and regulated cell-death biomarkers such as cep55, dlgap5, and ezh2. Recent work also highlights…
Mitophagy is the selective autophagic clearance of damaged mitochondria, a core mitochondrial quality-control pathway that helps maintain cellular homeostasis and cell fate. It is implicated across neurodegeneration, cardiomyopathy, diabetes-related injury, fibrosis, osteoporosis, and infection, and impaired mitophagy can disrupt redox and iron homeostasis, creating a self-amplifying link to ferroptosis. In Alzheimer’s disease, impaired mitophagy is…
CAR T-cell therapy is a precision oncology cellular immunotherapy that engineers T cells with chimeric antigen receptors to drive potent, antigen-specific, HLA-independent immune responses against surface antigens. It is best established in hematologic malignancies, but the literature also highlights expanding use in solid tumors such as glioblastoma and osteosarcoma, as well as emerging applications in…
PD-1, also known as programmed cell death protein 1, is an immune checkpoint receptor and marker that helps restrain T-cell activity and maintain immune homeostasis. It functions mainly by binding PD-L1 to inhibit antitumor T-cell responses, and it is also discussed as a target for agonistic antibody strategies that promote immune tolerance. In cancer, PD-1…
