Non-small cell lung cancer (non small cell lung cancer) is a major lung cancer subtype and a common setting for precision oncology, immunotherapy, and biomarker-driven treatment selection. It is especially studied in advanced, metastatic, and unresectable stage III disease, including EGFR-mutated tumors, where outcomes such as overall survival, progression-free survival, objective response rate, disease control…
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous gastrointestinal malignancy and a major focus of early detection, minimal residual disease monitoring, and treatment guidance through liquid biopsy and integrated multiomics approaches. Recent studies emphasize immune-phenotype stratification, molecular profiling, and single-cell technologies to refine prognosis and identify biomarkers, including mismatch repair status and immune checkpoint pathways such as…
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is the local pathophysiologic tumor niche that shapes progression, immune escape, and treatment response, acting as a major context for therapy rather than a single molecular target. It is often hypoxic and acidic, and one recent study showed that hydrogen release and hydroxide generation from calcium hydride can remodel this milieu…
PD-L1, also known as programmed death-ligand 1, is an immune checkpoint ligand that binds pd 1 to suppress antitumor T-cell responses and promote immune escape. It is widely studied across cancer immunotherapy, including colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, cervical cancer, gallbladder cancer, breast cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma. Mechanistically, its…
Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, amyloid-β plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and cholinergic deficits, and it is a major focus of biomarker-guided clinical research. Biomarkers are widely used across active disease-targeted therapeutic trials, including studies of biomarker of alzheimers disease, tau PET trajectories, and multimodal risk assessment, reflecting the…
