pubmed_issue

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (pd 1 and ctla 4-targeting ICIs) are a cancer immunotherapy class that releases inhibitory brakes on antitumor T-cell activity, producing durable responses in selected tumors and, in some settings, long-term survival or even cure. They are used across many malignancies, including mismatch repair deficient, dmmr msi h, microsatellite instability high metastatic colorectal…

CRISPR/Cas9 is an cas9-guided genome-editing system that uses an sgRNA to direct precise DNA modification, and it is widely used as a programmable nuclease platform for gene knockout, correction, and knock-in. It is applied across hematology, cancer, neurodegeneration, inherited disease, reproductive biology, infectious disease, and delivery engineering, including studies in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells,…