Glycolysis is a central metabolic pathway that converts glucose into energy and intermediates, and here it is highlighted as a key pathway governing the functional diversity of tumor associated macrophages (TAMs). In this context, it appears to shape macrophage metabolic reprogramming and anti-tumor immunity, with the Key Facts noting it as one of the main…
Regulatory T cell (Treg) is an immune regulatory cell population that helps control immune activation and tolerance, and its activation can contribute to IL-2 clinical toxicity. In cancer, Tregs are a major component of the suppressive tumor microenvironment, where they can blunt antitumor immunity; this was highlighted in a lymphoma study of an IL-18-armed oncolytic…
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation) is a clinical transplant procedure in which hematopoietic cells are transferred in the allogeneic setting, and it serves as a major platform for post-transplant intervention and outcome assessment. It is used in studies of post-transplant non-relapse mortality prediction, including a composite risk assessment model for allogeneic hematopoietic…
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) is a neurotrophic gene product that signals primarily through TRKB-related pathways to support neuronal survival, plasticity, and neurite/axonal growth. A key epigenetic feature highlighted here is aberrant methylation at the bdnf locus, which is discussed as a locus-specific alteration in chronic pain-associated neuropsychiatric comorbidities. Therapeutically, bdnf is implicated in osteogenic and…
Quantitative structure-activity relationship modeling (qsar) is a computational approach that links chemical structure to biological or physicochemical behavior, and in this entry it is used mainly to predict PBPK input parameters and toxicity-related properties. ML-enhanced QSAR can estimate partition coefficients, clearance rates, and binding parameters directly from structure, supporting pbpk frameworks and drug discovery workflows….
