Lung cancer

Lung cancer is a malignant disease in which smoking is the most significant preventable cause, and local cortisol signaling in the tumor microenvironment can impair NK-cell cytotoxicity via cortisol, while immunosenescence and thymic health also shape risk and progression through immunosenescence and thymus. It is a major clinical focus for early detection, histologic differentiation, prognostic stratification, and treatment monitoring, with circulating non-coding RNAs, cfDNA, ctDNA, molecular biomarkers, and AI-driven imaging all being used in diagnostic workflows via circulating non coding rnas, cfdna, ctdna assay, molecular biomarkers, and ai driven imaging. Recent work emphasizes that programmed cell death pathways, autophagy-ferroptosis crosstalk, and immune evasion are central to therapeutic response, alongside advances in immune checkpoint blockade, targeted therapies, radioimmunotherapy, and macrophage-based approaches through programmed cell death, ferroptosis inducers, immune checkpoint blockade, targeted therapies, radioimmunotherapy, and macrophage immunotherapy. Novel platforms include biomimetic proteolipid vesicles delivering saRNA, paeoniflorin-copper nanoparticles, inhalable cryo-shocked tumor cells, and high-entropy alloy–enabled radioimmunotherapy, reflecting a broad shift toward combination and precision strategies in paeoniflorin, high entropy alloy, and doxorubicin. Organoid models are also being used to study tumor biology and immunotherapy response, while KSR2-mediated metabolic rewiring has been linked to anti-PD-1 resistance in this disease via lung cancer organoids and immune checkpoint blockade. Overall, the literature portrays lung cancer as a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with recent studies prioritizing biology, prevention, interception, and earlier, more accurate detection.